Foundations of Blockchain Technology

Core principles, anatomy, concepts, and ecosystem context.

Blockchain is a shared, append-only database replicated across many nodes. Integrity is enforced by cryptographic hashing and consensus among nodes rather than a single authority.

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Types of Blockchain

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Key Concepts of Blockchain

Hash Demo

Hashing, Merkle trees, keys/signatures, and consensus primitives underpin security.

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Anatomy of a Block

Block Demo

Header fields: prev hash, Merkle root, timestamp, difficulty, nonce. PoW searches nonce for target.

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Consensus Mechanisms

Consensus Demo

PoW vs PoS, longest/highest-weight chain, and finality intuition.

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Ethereum Consensus (PoS)

Ethereum PoS

Post-Merge Ethereum uses Proof of Stake with per-slot proposers, validator committees, LMD-GHOST fork choice, and Casper FFG finality.

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Blockchain Transaction Lifecycle

Tx Demo

Create → Validate → Mempool → Include → Confirm → Finalize